“For and against” essay.

1. Introductory paragraph – здесь вы сталкиваетесь основными задачами: во-первых, вы четко оговариваете тему. Помните о том, что вам необходимо перефразировать утверждение, которое служит темой вашего сочинения, но ни в коем случае не повторять его слово в слово. Во-вторых, вам следует помнить о том, что здесь вы не выражаете свою точку зрения, а лишь констатируете факт того, что рассматриваемый вопрос может иметь несколько точек зрения, которые вы и будете рассматривать далее в своем эссе.
2. Main body – основная часть как правило будет состоять из двух абзацев, каждый из которых будет представлять одну из возможных точек зрения. Помните о том, что вам следует четко придерживаться одной идеи в одном абзаце. Т. е. один из них будет предоставлять аргументы «за», в то время как во втором будут обсуждаться аргументы «против». Ну и, конечно же, не забывайте о topic sentences, речь о которых шла в предыдущей статье.
3. Conclusion – заключение является единственной частью вашего эссе, в которой вы можете все же высказать свою точку зрения, но вы также можете придерживаться нейтральной позиции, продолжая тон всего эссе.
Итак, что еще необходимо взять во внимание, приступая к написанию “for and against” essays?

• Составьте список аргументов «за» и «против» для того, чтобы приступая к написанию, у вас уже имелись сформулированные идеи, и вам осталось только выбрать те, которые вы считаете более удачными или убедительными.
• Постарайтесь подкрепить свои аргументы примерами.
• Помните о том, что параграф не может состоять только из одного предложения.
• Используйте исключительно формальный стиль.
• Постарайтесь использовать какие-либо цитаты, которые подходят к теме вашего эссе.
И, конечно же, фразы, которые помогут вам выразить свои идеи:

• Чтобы представить идеи: one major advantage / disadvantage, a further advantage / disadvantage, one point of view in favour of / against.
• Чтобы перечислить идеи: to start with, to begin with, firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, in the first place, last but not least.
• Чтобы добавить информацию к уже представленной идее: apart from this / that, besides, in addition to, furthermore, what is more, there is another side to the issue / question / argument of, not to mention (the fact) that, also, not only … but also / as well.
• Чтобы представить противоположные идеи: it may be said / argued / claimed that, nonetheless, nevertheless, however, still, yet, but, whereas, despite / in spite of (the fact that), although, though, even though, while, whilst, regardless of the fact that, even so, on the other hand.
• Чтобы привести примеры: for example, for instance, such as, like, in particular, particularly, especially, this is (clearly) illustrated / shown by the fact that…, the / a clear / striking / typical example of (this)…, the fact that … shows / illustrates that…
• Чтобы сделать вывод: in conclusion, on balance, all things considered, to sum up, all in all, finally / lastly, taking everything into account / consideration, to conclude.

Starter Vocabulary
designer labels
recycled products
working conditions
shop online
low prices
spend wisely
fairtrade retailer
natural resources
electronic waste
population growth
ageing population
water pollution
stray animals
greenhouse gases
a gripping plot
well-rounded character
classic fiction
a waste of time
an unexpected twist
drop out of college
do well in exams
take online courses
recall information
memorise the poem
grow a beard
pierce the ears
enhance the appearance
raise the eyebrows
scratch the head
bite the nails
wrinkle the nose
rub one's eyes
fidget on the chair

RUSSIA

1. Russia is one of the largest countries in the world.
2. The official name of our homeland is the Republic of the Russian Federation.
3. There are 21 republics and more than 60 other regions.
4. The population of Russia is about 143 million people.
5. Russia is a land of about 200 nationalities.
6. It occupies about one seventh part of dry land.
7. The vast territory of Russia lies in the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia.
8. Its area is over 17 million square kilometres.
9. There are various types of climate on the territory of Russia.
10. Russia is located on two plains: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Plain.
11. Russia is washed by twelve seas and three oceans.
12. Russia is washed by the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Bering Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan in the east, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the south, the Baltic Sea in the west.
13. The main mountain chains are the Urals, the Caucasus, the mountains of East Siberia and the Altai.
14. Russia is a land of long rivers and deep lakes.
15. The Volga river is the longest river in Europe.
16. It runs into the Caspian Sea.
17. The main rivers in Russia are the Lena, the Ob, the Oka, the Kama, the Amur, the Yenisey.
18. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world.
19. It has the greatest supply of fresh water in the world.
20. Russia is rich in natural resources such as coal, oil, natural gas, iron, gold and others.
21. Russia borders on fourteen countries, including the former Republics of the USSR, which are now independent states.
22. The National Government of Russia consists of the President, the Council of Ministers and the Federal Assembly.
23. The Upper House of the Federal Assembly is the Federal Council and the lower House is the State Duma.
24. The Head of the Republic of the Russian Federation is the President.
25. Moscow is the capital of Russia. The other major cities of Russia are Saint-Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Rostov-on-Don, Volgograd and others.
26. The official symbol of Russia is the Russian flag.
27. It has three wide stripes - white, blue and red.
28. Red symbolizes love and bravery, blue - honesty white - sincerity.
29. The other symbol is a two-headed eagle.  It is the most ancient symbol of Russia.
30. Russia has always played an important role in the world.

MOSCOW

form Moscow

1.      Moscow is the capital of Russia.

2.      Moscow stands on the bank of the Moskva river in the centre of European Russia.

3.      It is the main political, economic, educational and cultural centre of this country.

4.      Its name was first mentioned in 1147.

5.      Moscow was founded in 1147 by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky.

6.      Since that time Moscow has played an important role in Russian history.

7.      About 10 million people live in the city.

8.      The climate of Moscow is continental.

9.      Winters are cold and long, summers are short and mild .

10.  Moscow is definitely a city of contrasts.

11.  So rich in many ways, yet in other ways, quite poor.

12.  Moscow is famous for its historical and architectural monuments.

13.  There are so many buildings with very interesting architecture.

14.  The heart of Moscow is Red Square, the central and the most beautiful place in Moscow.

15.  Here one can see  St. Basil's Cathedral with eight churches placed around the tallest ninth church.

16.  The monument to Minin and Pozharsky is the first statue put up in Moscow.

17.  The Spasskaya Tower is the tallest tower of the Kremlin.

18.  In the State History Museum you can find a rich collection of pictures showing the country’s past.

19.  Moscow is the largest industrial centre of Russia.

20.  The most important industries are producing automobiles and trucks, machine tools, radio and television sets.

21.  The most important element in Moscow’s city transport is the metro subway.

22.  It began in 1935 and is still developing.

23.  Some of the stations are beautifully decorated.

24.  Moscow is a very impressive city.

25.  It has a great number of green parks, large squares and wide streets.

26.  There are lots of museums, cinemas and exhibitions in Moscow.

27.  You can go shopping to the State Department Store with hundreds of shops inside.

28.  Moscow has numerous theatres.

29.  The State Academic Bolshoi Theatre was founded in 1825.

30.  Moscow is one of the cities of the world that must be seen.